Ultimate Guide to Purchasing an E-Foil


Intro
The world of e-foiling is no longer a niche market reserved only for the elite water sports enthusiasts. With advancements in technology and the increasing desirability of electric surfing options, e-foils are gaining traction among a broader range of users. Whether youâre considering buying one for the thrill of cutting through the water or simply enjoying the serene ride above the waves, itâs essential to understand the nuances of e-foils before making a purchase.
Navigating the myriad options can be daunting, especially when you consider the various brands, features, and performance metrics available. In this guide, we'll delve into the key aspects to consider when selecting an e-foil that best suits your needs. From technology specifications to brand reputations, and accessories that enhance your riding experience, we've got it all covered.
E-foils are not just a means of transportation on the water; they open a whole new world of experiences. Understanding the technology behind them, the potential performance, and the right accessories can lead to an enjoyable and fulfilling riding experience. With that in mind, letâs jump into the gear, starting with the Equipment Reviews section.
Understanding E-Foils
When it comes to mastering the art of e-foiling, having a solid grasp of what e-foils are and how they function is paramount. This knowledge not only enhances the riding experience but also helps buyers make informed choices tailored to their needs. If youâre contemplating this thrilling water sport, understanding the intricacies of e-foiling can illuminate many critical aspects.
Definition of E-Foil
An e-foil stands for electric foil boardâa cutting-edge device that combines the elements of surfing and hydrofoiling with electric propulsion. Envision surfing on a board that hovers above the water, gracefully gliding along with minimal drag thanks to the underwater foil. E-foils come equipped with an electric motor, which powers a propeller. This arrangement allows riders to soar above the waves, providing an exhilarating sensation that feels a bit like flying. For those new to the scene, it's not just a fancy surfboard; it's a next-gen way to enjoy the water.
How E-Foils Work
Navigating the mechanics of an e-foil unveils a whole new layer of fascination. At its core, an e-foil functions through a combination of electric motor technology and the physics of buoyancy. Once you start the motor, the propeller spins, generating thrust that propels the board forward. The foil submerged beneath the waterâs surface then creates lift as speed increases. This unique mechanism effectively elevates the board above water, allowing for reduced drag and smoother rides.
Most boards have remote controls that let riders adjust speed and direction effortlessly. Riders can steer with a subtle shift of weightâleaning to one side or the other can initiate turns quite naturally. Itâs like figuring out the way your body responds to the waves, but with a twist. With this understanding, riders can fine-tune their experience based on preference and skill level. A beginner might opt for a more stable board, while seasoned pros may chase speed with a racing model.
Benefits of E-Foiling
Why would anyone consider riding an e-foil? The perks of this sport are plentiful.
- Accessibility: Unlike traditional surfing, e-foils open the waters to a broader audience. The electric propulsion system makes it easier to catch waves when theyâre scarce or when conditions aren't ideal for standard surfing.
- Staying Above Water: With the board elevated above the water, riders experience a smoother ride on choppy waters compared to other boards that stick to the surface, creating less turbulence.
- Versatility: E-foils can be enjoyed in various conditionsâfrom flat lakes to ocean wavesâmaking them suitable for different preferences and landscapes. Whether youâre trying to impress onlookers or just enjoying a quiet ride, the choice is yours.
Often, enthusiasts rave about the sensation of gliding above the water, which creates an almost meditative experience. As the wind brushes against your face and the water sparkles beneath you, every ride can feel like a mini-vacation from reality.
By grasping these foundational aspects of e-foils, enthusiasts can appreciate the blend of technology and thrill that this sport offers. Preparing to take the plungeâliterallyâis a lot more fulfilling when you're grounded in understanding.
Key Features to Consider
When diving into the world of e-foils, understanding key features can define not just your purchase choice but also your overall experience on the water. Various elements contribute to how well an e-foil performs, feels, and holds up under different conditions. These aspects not only make a difference in price but can greatly influence reliability and satisfaction. Focusing on features like motor specifications, battery life, foil design, and the craft's weight will help enthusiasts, especially kitesurfers and extreme athletes, narrow down options to what suits their needs best.
Motor Specifications
The motor specifications of an e-foil are its beating heart. Two points stand outâpower output and efficiency ratingsâdetermine how the board performs in various circumstances.
Power Output
Power output refers to the amount of power the motor can generate, which directly affects speed and acceleration. A higher output generally means a zippier ride, which can be incredibly appealing for those with a thirst for adrenaline. Most e-foils hover around 3,000 to 6,000 watts, with some high-performance models reaching even greater heights.
A key benefit of a high power output is the responsiveness it offers, allowing for sharp turns and quick bursts of speed. This is particularly beneficial for riders wanting to navigate through choppy waters or aim for big waves. However, it comes with its own set of challenges; higher-powered motors can drain battery life at a faster rate. Finding a balanceâan effective compromise between speed and durationâis essential for enjoyable riding.
"It's all about finding the sweet spot between thrill and practicality."
Efficiency Ratings
Efficiency ratings illustrate how well a motor converts battery power into propulsion. Essentially, itâs about getting the most bang for your buckâand battery. A motor with a high efficiency rating ensures that you can ride longer without needing frequent stops for a recharge.
Having a higher efficiency rating means more time on the water. This is especially handy if youâre planning on extended sessions or exploring new locations. Itâs usual for the most efficient motors to operate around 70-90% efficiency. On the flip side, some less efficient motors could be lower than 60%. The downside? A low efficiency motor can lead to unexpected interruptions during rides. So, if you value a seamless experience, pay attention to the motor's efficiency as much as the power output.
Battery Life and Charge Time
Battery life is a make-or-break element in every e-foil experience. It's not just about how long you can ride; itâs also about how quickly the battery recharges in between. An average e-foil might give you anywhere from 45 minutes to 2 hours of riding time on a full charge, depending on your battery model and usage style. Consider this in sync with the charging time, which could take anywhere from two to five hours. Therefore, if you plan on riding frequently throughout the day, look for one that offers rapid charging options.
Foil Design and Materials
Foil design largely influences your ride's stability and efficiency. Materials matter too; they can dictate both strength and weight. Most premium e-foils are crafted from carbon fiber or aluminum. Carbon offers a lightweight but sturdy option, enhancing maneuverability on the water. Here, the aspect ratio of the wingâhow long the foil is compared to its widthâcan also influence performance. A high aspect ratio generally yields faster speeds, while a low one tends to focus more on stability and maneuverability. Each design has its pros and cons based on your riding goals.
Weight and Portability
Lastly, weight and portability shouldnât be an afterthought. It's imperative to pick an e-foil that you can easily transport, especially if you're hauling gear to remote spots. Consider that the average e-foil weighs around 40-50 pounds, which may demand some muscle, especially when retrieving or launching it from the water.


The ability to disassemble or collapse certain models into manageable pieces enhances convenience. Before committing, ask yourself: "Will I frequently travel with this e-foil?" If the answer is a resounding yes, lean toward lighter designs for easier transport.
In summary, thorough consideration of these key features sets the pathway for a satisfying e-foil investment. Each detail, from motor specifications to portability, can significantly affect your time on the water. Prioritize what matters most to you as a kitesurfing or extreme sports aficionado, and your choice will likely bring about a richer, more enjoyable riding experience.
Evaluating Brands
When it comes to buying an e-foil, evaluating brands is a crucial step. The market is blossoming with different manufacturers, each boasting a unique set of features and technologies. Choosing the right brand not only defines the quality of the e-foil but also influences your overall riding experience. As with any investment, understanding the reputation, reliability, and support offered by brands can set you apart from those who simply pick a model based on aesthetics or price alone.
Moreover, each brand often has its own followership and user community. This offers valuable insights and first-hand reviews that can guide decisions. A well-known brand might also mean better resale value should you wish to upgrade your gear in the future. Whatâs more, as e-foiling becomes more popular, a brandâs commitment towards innovation can mean better technology enhancements down the line.
Top E-Foil Brands
Diving into the pool of e-foil brands, a few major players have emerged, offering products that stand head and shoulders above the rest. Companies like Lift Foils, Fliteboard, and Radinn each have their unique selling propositions.
- Lift Foils: Known for robust build quality and excellent performance.
- Fliteboard: They are often cited for their cutting-edge technology and stylish design.
- Radinn: Appeals to those who want a more affordable entry point without losing quality.
These brands not only innovate but also provide community engagement, often hosting events that enhance the e-foil experience.
Comparing Brand Features
Price Points
Price points can make or break your e-foil purchase. The market ranges from entry-level options starting around two thousand dollars to high-end models that can reach well over ten thousand dollars. Understanding where your budget fits is paramount. Generally speaking, more expensive models might offer enhanced performance, lighter materials, and longer battery life.
One unique feature among price points is the inclusion of customization options. Some brands allow users to tailor their purchase, adjusting features that appeal to specific styles of riding. This flexibility is often attractive for seasoned riders looking for a personal touch. However, if budget constraints are a concern, researching refurbished or second-hand models can offer significant savings, albeit with some risks involved.
Warranty and Support
Warranty and support are lifelines in the realm of e-foiling. A strong warranty can protect your investment, especially considering the inherent wear and tear of water sports equipment. Most reputable brands offer warranties ranging from one to three years, with some extending to five years on key components.
Furthermore, the support system behind these brands varies significantly. A brand with a robust customer support system can be invaluable. Imagine unboxing your e-foil and having instant access to troubleshooting guides, online forums, or even direct technical support. It can alleviate post-purchase anxiety and ensure you maximize your riding experience.
In sum, whether you prioritize price points or warranty options, evaluating the brand encompasses a broader strategy in selecting the right e-foil. It is a delicate balance of understanding what each brand offers and aligning those features with your personal needs and desires.
Performance Metrics
When it comes to e-foiling, performance metrics serve as the spine of your experience. The way an e-foil performs can make or break your time on the water. Key elements like speed, stability, and the overall riding experience are tangled up in this category. Understanding these metrics can help you figure out what works best for your riding style and aquatic environment.
Speed Capabilities
Speed is often the first thing that catches the eye of e-foil enthusiasts. The thrill of cutting through the water at breathtaking speeds is hard to beat. Most boards can reach around 20 to 30 mph, depending on the motor and other specifications. But speed isn't just about how fast you can go; itâs about how it feels under your feet.
When you're zipping along, the sense of freedom is exhilarating. However, remember that more speed usually means more risk. For those who are just starting out, opting for a board that offers moderate speed might be a wise choice while youâre building skill and confidence.
In a nutshell, consider your capability and the type of situations youâll face while riding. This will help you choose the right speed capabilities for your needs.
Stability and Control
Stability can turn a somewhat intimidating e-foil experience into a smooth ride. Many riders overlook this aspect, but itâs crucial. A stable board doesnât just provide a safe experience; it allows for confident navigation through waves or choppy waters.
The width and design of a board play a big role here. Wider boards tend to be more stable, especially for beginners. Also, boards equipped with better foils allow for a more controlled ride, enabling you to tackle different conditions without breaking a sweat.
Control is equally important. Itâs how you command the board and make quick adjustments. A good e-foil should provide responsive handling, allowing you to turn sharply or glide smoothly.
Riding Experience
The riding experience can be categorized mainly into two areas: wave riding and flat water performance. Each has its own characteristics and unique attributes that can shape your adventures on an e-foil.
Wave Riding
Wave riding is a whole different ballgame. This aspect of riding emphasizes the uniqueness of navigating and utilizing actual ocean waves for propulsion. The thrill of catching a wave is unmatched, resulting in a ride that feels like you're surfing.
One major characteristic of wave riding is the dynamic range of motion it allows. Riders can carve and ride according to wave height and speed. The exhilarating feeling of intuition when you're harmonizing with nature adds to the joy of riding. However, this isn't without its challenges. People need considerable skill and understanding of ocean conditions to successfully enjoy wave riding on an e-foil.
Flat Water Performance
On the opposite end, flat water performance is focused more on speed and efficiency in calmer conditions. If youâre someone who prefers a sleek and smooth ride, this will likely be your go-to. Flat water offers an easier platform for beginners to find their footing without the added challenge of waves.


The unique feature here is the ease with which users can maintain speed. Riders can expect a stable and thrilling ride without the bumps that come with waves. But keep in mind, while itâs easier to manage, some thrill-seekers might find flat water a bit monotonous compared to wave riding.
Ultimately, whether you choose wave riding or flat water performance could dictate how you connect with the water and your e-foil. Being grounded in the strengths and limitations of each will guide your decision-making process.
Maintenance and Care
The maintenance and care of an e-foil are pivotal in ensuring its longevity and top-notch performance. Just like any extreme sport gear, neglecting these aspects can lead to frustrating broken parts or diminished riding experience. A well-maintained e-foil can lead to not only prolonged life of the unit but also enhanced safety, making it crucial for enthusiasts who thrive on adventure.
Routine Care Guidelines
Regular upkeep is essential to keep your e-foil in tip-top shape. Hereâs a checklist to help you stay ahead of any potential issues:
- Rinse After Use: Saltwater or briny conditions can cause corrosion. Rinse your e-foil with fresh water after every session to minimize wear.
- Inspect the Foil and Fuselage: Take a moment to visually check for any nicks or dings. A simple scratch can lead to bigger problems later on.
- Battery Care: Ensure the battery is charged according to the user manual. Overcharging can degrade its lifespan, while letting it run too low can lead to diminished performance.
- Tightening Screws and Bolts: Regularly check to see if any screws or bolts are loose. A small wrench can work wonders.
- Storage: Store in a cool, dry place. Avoid humidity which can wear down the electrical components.
"Prevention is better than cureâthis applies to your e-foil as well. A little care goes a long way!"
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Even with the best of intentions, hiccups can occur. Below are some common issues you might face along with quick fixes:
- Battery Not Charging: If your battery isnât taking a charge, check the connections and ensure the charger is functioning. Sometimes itâs just a loose wire.
- Loss of Speed: If you feel like youâre plodding along, inspect the propeller and motor. Dirt or debris might be obstructing performance.
- Steering Problems: If the e-foil isnât responding as usual, tighten the steering mechanism or check the connections. A quick twist of the screw can sometimes solve this.
- Water Ingress: If water finds its way into the electronics, stop using immediately. Dry it out completely and consider consulting a professional before further use.
Keeping your e-foil in prime condition is not just about mechanicsâitâs about enjoying the ride fully, knowing your equipment is reliable and safe. With these guidelines and troubleshooting tips, youâll be well-equipped to maintain and care for your e-foil, ensuring you get maximum thrills out on the water.
Accessories to Enhance Experience
When it comes to enjoying your e-foiling adventures to the fullest, having the right accessories can make a world of difference. From safety gear to effective storage and transport solutions, these tools and equipment enhance not just the riding experience but also the overall safety and convenience for enthusiasts. Thus, equipping yourself with suitable accessories is crucial for elevating your time on the water while ensuring you remain within safety standards.
Safety Gear
Lifesavers
One cannot emphasize enough the importance of lifesavers in e-foiling. This accessory acts as a buoyancy aid, providing you the much-needed reassurance should you find yourself in unpredictable waters. A key characteristic of lifesavers is their buoyant material, which allows them to keep even the most novice riders afloat. This is critical, especially because e-foiling involves minimizing contact with water while riding.
Lifesavers come in various styles, from traditional life jackets to inflatable devices. What sets inflatable lifesavers apart is their space-saving design, as they can be easily packed away when not in use. However, users must remember to follow the proper inflation protocols and practice using them, as sinking can be a real threat for those not prepared.
Helmets
Another essential safety accessory is a helmet. Helmets protect the head from possible impacts, especially relevant for those new to the sport or engaging in trick riding. The primary characteristic that makes helmets so valuable is their impact-resistant construction, usually featuring lightweight but durable materials.
Some helmets include additional features such as built-in communication systems, allowing for easy coordination with friends during outings. While these high-tech options come with a price, they often prove more beneficial as they enhance both safety and connectivity on the water. However, users must ensure that the helmet fits properly and meets safety standards. A poorly fitting helmet can do more harm than good if an accident occurs.
Storage Solutions
Proper storage solutions are indispensable for maintaining the longevity of your e-foil and its accessories. Whether at home or when youâre out and about, having a designated space where you can keep the e-foil helps prevent damage. Ideally, look for solutions that offer protective padding and waterproof features to keep everything secure from the elements.
Soft cases and padded bags are popular choices, particularly for those who frequently travel. They provide excellent protection and ease of transport. When choosing storage equipment, consider how often youâll need to access your gear, as some cases have added compartments for personal items as well.
Transport Equipment
Last but not least, transport equipment plays a pivotal role in your e-foiling journey. The right transport gear can make it a breeze to move your board, foil, and accessories from one location to another. For instance, a wheeled transport bag is a savvy investment for trekkers who often launch from remote areas. It's designed not only to carry your board but also offers compartments for your safety gear and additional accessories.
When selecting transport equipment, always keep in mind the weight of your e-foil as well as any added components. Some bags come with straps or backpacks, enhancing mobility and comfort while you are on the go. This consideration contributes significantly to your overall experience, allowing you to focus more on the thrill of the ride rather than the hassle of hauling around cumbersome gear.
Investing in quality accessories is essential for a seamless e-foiling experience; they keep you safe and allow for enjoyable excursions.
Where to Buy E-Foils
Finding the right place to buy an e-foil can make all the difference, whether youâre a novice or an experienced rider looking for upgrades. The selection process is not only about the price tag but also about the after-sales support, warranty offers, and additional services available. The e-foil market is blooming, and sourcing through various channels provides options tailored to individual preferences. In this section, weâll discuss different avenues for purchasing e-foils, emphasizing the advantages and key considerations along the way.
Online Retailers
Shopping online has become the go-to method for purchasing e-foils, and for good reason. The convenience it offers is hard to beat. Websites usually showcase a vast selection, letting you compare various models side by side, read reviews, and even check out video demonstrations on how they perform. Some popular online retailersâlike Amazon, eBay, and specialized sites such as efoils.comâgive insights not just into whatâs available but also into shipping and handling times.
- Advantages:
- Considerations:
- Can often find competitive pricing, especially during sales or promotional events.
- User reviews give a practical perspective thatâs invaluable when making a choice.
- Many sites offer return policies that protect your purchase, unlike local shops where exchanges may be harder.


- Watch for extra costs, like shipping fees or import taxes, particularly when purchasing internationally.
- Ensure the retailer has a solid reputation. A quick search on forums or social media can provide feedback.
Local Shops and Showrooms
Buying locally often sounds appealing, and there are plenty of benefits here that online shopping cannot offer. Local shops frequently allow you to physically examine the product, and this tactile experience can help in making informed choices. Plus, if youâre buying from a specialty shop like Lift Foils or Nautical Adventures, you might tap into the expertise of seasoned staff who ride e-foils themselves.
- Benefits:
- Drawbacks:
- Getting a feel for the product is a big plus. Sometimes, the difference in feel and fit can sway your decision.
- You might also get to test ride the e-foil before purchasing, which is crucial in finding what works best for your riding style.
- Local shops often provide easier warranty services and personal support after the sale.
- The selection could be limited compared to online platforms. You may not get as many options as browsing the World Wide Web.
Second-Hand Markets
For those who want to save a few bucks, second-hand markets are a treasure trove. Websites such as Facebook Marketplace and Reddit have dedicated groups where e-foilers sell their equipment. Buying used can yield fantastic deals, especially if the previous owner has upgraded and is simply looking to sell to a good home.
- Pros:
- Cons:
- Lower prices compared to new models. Sometimes, you can find barely-used equipment thatâs still in mint condition.
- The community aspect can provide greater insights into the e-foil's history and how it performed for the previous owner.
- Limited warranty or guarantee periods, so if something goes wrong, you might be on your own.
- Ensure the item is properly inspected; ask questions about any previous repairs and maintenance records to dodge buying a lemon.
"When it comes to purchasing an e-foil, donât just look at the price. You want the full package: support, quality, and above all, the right fit for your riding needs."
Legal and Safety Regulations
When delving into the realm of e-foiling, understanding the legal and safety regulations is paramount. These frameworks not only help to ensure a safer riding experience but also guide users on the right side of the law. Following the rules set forth by governing bodies can minimize risks and enhance the overall enjoyment of this thrilling sport. Ignoring these guidelines could lead to serious consequences, including fines or injury claims, which no rider wants to deal with. Therefore, it is essential to familiarize yourself with the necessary regulations and best practices before hitting the water.
Essential Safety Guidelines
E-foiling is a sport that combines excitement with some unique risks. Adhering to a few safety guidelines can make a world of difference:
- Wear a Personal Flotation Device: Always don a life vest. Itâs a small piece of equipment that can save your life in emergencies. Donât skip this.
- Check Weather Conditions: Conditions can change faster than you think. Wind speed and water current can dramatically alter the difficulty level of your ride.
- Maintain Your Equipment: Regular checks on battery and motor functionality can prevent failures while in use. Keep your e-foil in top condition.
- Ride with a Buddy: Having someone nearby can ensure quick assistance in case of accidents or unusual situations.
- Understand the Waterbody: Familiarize yourself with the area you plan to ride in. This knowledge helps you recognize potential hazards.
"Safety first, thrills second. Gear up accordingly and make every ride unforgettable for all the right reasons."
Legal Restrictions
Legalities can vary widely depending on location. Therefore, knowing the laws can keep you in compliance and make your e-foiling experience a whole lot smoother:
- Registration Requirements: Some regions may mandate registration for e-foils. Check if you need documentation before you can ride legally.
- Restricted Areas: Not all waters are suitable for e-foiling. Specific areas may have restrictions due to traffic regulations or environmental protection laws. Navigating around boats or swim zones can prevent accidents.
- Age Limitations: Young folks may need supervision or legal consent to ride. Itâs crucial to check local laws regarding age restrictions.
- Permits for Specific Locations: Certain popular spots might require permits to use an e-foil, especially in ecological zones or reserves. Always do your homework on this.
- Insurance Coverage: Be aware that accidents may lead to liabilities. Some riders opt for insurance to cover potential damages or injuries.
Integrating these elements will not only enhance your personal safety but will also promote a respectful riding culture within the e-foiling community. Just remember: a knowledgeable rider is a safe rider.
Cost Analysis
When it comes to purchasing an e-foil, understanding the financial implications is crucial. Cost analysis not only entails the initial purchase price but also encompasses a broader spectrum of expenses that come into play over time. A well-rounded view of costs ensures you don't get caught off guard by hidden fees or unexpected upkeep responsibilities. Diving deep into budgeting and ongoing maintenance will prepare you for a fulfilling e-foiling experience.
Budgeting for an E-Foil
Setting a budget is one of the first steps in your e-foil journey. Prices for e-foils can go from a couple of thousand to downright dizzying numbers, with premium models costing significantly more. Here are a few tips to help you carve out a realistic budget:
- Do the Research: Spend some time studying various brands and models. Each e-foil comes with its own price bracket, often influenced by factors like build quality and tech features.
- Consider Your Needs: Think about how often you plan to use the e-foil and the type of water you'll be riding on. If you're not planning on becoming a regular rider, perhaps a mid-range option would be more appropriate.
- Account for Flexibility: Sometimes, budget constraints change. It's wise to set aside some funds for adjustments or upgrades down the line. You might just find that you want that performance upgrade or a spiffy accessory to enhance your experience.
Effective budgeting for an e-foil will put you in the driverâs seat, allowing for a purchase that fits your lifestyle and riding desires.
Hidden Costs
Even after youâve settled on a budget, it's easy to overlook some not-so-obvious costs. Being aware of these hidden costs upfront can save you from financial headaches down the road.
Insurance
One of the crucial yet often neglected aspects is insurance. It may seem like an extra hassle, but insurance can be a real lifesaver. Generally, coverage is tailored for recreational use, including theft and damage during use or transport. Here are some key thoughts on insurance:
- Peace of Mind: Having coverage allows you to take risksâlike riding in slightly harsher conditionsâwithout the worry of replacing an expensive gadget after an accident.
- Cost-Effective Protection: For a few hundred bucks a year, you can ensure your investment is shielded. Given the substantial price of high-end e-foils, itâs a rather sensible expenditure.
- Unique Features: Typically, policies cover several aspects like liability and property damage. This provides a cushion if accidents occur, thus making it a beneficial option in the long run.
Maintenance
Maintenance is another critical layer of cost many overlook. While an e-foil might look sleek and robust on the surface, keeping it in tip-top shape requires a bit of care:
- Routine Check-Ups: Regularly checking the foil and battery can prevent major damage and costly repairs later. Just like with a car, ignoring small issues can snowball.
- Cleaning and Upkeep: Saltwater and debris can wear down components faster than you might expect. Investing in care kits or following the manufacturer's guidelines ensures longevity.
- Unique Features: Many brands offer extended warranties or service plans, adding another layer to maintenance costs. Though this requires an initial outlay, it can lead to substantial savings if repairs are needed.
By illuminating these hidden costs and emphasizing consistent maintenance, youâll steer your e-foil journey down a smoother path, making sure each ride is as enjoyable as the last.